中国惊奇先生

Return of delicate aquatic plant signals Chinese lake's revival_我的网站

豪杰春香

A | 　　近期，全球多个关键能源运输通道相继出了状况：霍尔木兹海峡通行受阻，曼德海峡局势紧绷，黑海与波罗的海沿岸的能源港口遇袭，一条条海上能源大动脉亮起红灯。这些通道集中承压的背景是，全球石油储备正处于多年低位。

Workers harvest Ottelia acuminata at a planting base at Yong'an Village of Eryuan County in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, southwest China's Yunnan Province, on Oct. 18, 2024.(Photo by Luo Xincai/Xinhua)Under the summer sun, Erhai Lake in southwest China's Yunnan Province glistens thanks to its clear blue water dotted with floating white blossoms. Tourists stroll and cycle around the spot, where limpid waters, lush mountains and blooming flowers combine in weaving a picturesque scene.
The delicate blossom seen floating there is Ottelia acuminata, an aquatic plant endemic to China, which is known to have extremely strict water quality requirements. It demands high water transparency, cleanliness and calcium content, and survives only in unpolluted waters, serving as a reliable natural indicator of aquatic ecological health.
Its large-scale revival vividly testifies to Erhai Lake's remarkable ecological restoration achievements.
China's Ecological and Environmental Code, enacted on Saturday, stipulates nationwide protection and restoration of river and lake ecosystems, providing solid legal support for systematic water ecological governance across the country.
As China advances its Beautiful China initiative, this code is expected to strengthen rule-of-law guarantees for ecological protection and provide fresh impetus for the country's green and low-carbon transition.
In the early 1990s, agricultural pollution worsened Erhai Lake's water quality, causing frequent blue-green algae outbreaks. A severe algae bloom hit the lake in 1996, leaving the water turbid and smelly. As the environment degraded, Ottelia acuminata nearly disappeared from the lake.
Thanks to years of targeted ecological protection and restoration efforts, the lake's water quality has improved steadily, maintaining an excellent Grade II standard from January to June 2026, and creating favorable conditions for the return of Ottelia acuminata.
Official data show that the plant's coverage on Erhai Lake has surged from 90,000 square meters in 2021 to 950,000 square meters in 2026, marking a remarkable ecological recovery.
The improved water environment has also brought tangible economic benefits, turning the lake's ecological advantages into a sustainable industry. From lake ecology to farm cultivation and consumer products, Ottelia acuminata's dual ecological and economic value has been fully realized.
In 2018, environmental worker Zhong Lan noticed the edible plant's great potential for water purification and industrial development. With support from local authorities and Shanghai Jiao Tong University in eastern China, she started a company and built a professional research base in 2024, developing standardized planting techniques that enable high-yield, repeated harvests and offering jobs for local villagers.
Villager Li Xinyuan, who quit Ottelia acuminata cultivation years ago due to low profits, resumed planting in 2023 and earns a stable monthly salary of 4,500 yuan (about 663 U.S. dollars) at the base.
His fellow villager Du Hongquan earned over 100,000 yuan last year from growing the plant and has more than doubled his planting area this year. "The base takes full charge of sales, so we can plant without any worries," Du said.
Eryuan County, the source of Erhai Lake, now has more than 200 hectares of Ottelia acuminata plantation area, creating numerous jobs yearly. The plant has been developed into a diverse range of products like tea, plant-based coffee and cookies.
"I used to think it was exclusive to Yunnan, but I can try it elsewhere too," said a tourist surnamed Ai after tasting the plant at a hotpot restaurant in Hangzhou, east China's Zhejiang Province.
The beautiful lakeside scenery at Erhai has also boosted local tourism. In 2025, Dali received over 120 million tourist visits, attracting visitors to enjoy lake views and experience local Bai ethnic culture, with 407,000 long-term visitors.
Last month, the State Council issued a plan for building a Beautiful China during the 15th Five-Year Plan period (2026-2030), setting out the overall requirements, targets, key tasks and major projects for comprehensively advancing this initiative.
According to the plan, China will achieve overall improvement in ecological and environmental quality and make significant progress toward building a Beautiful China by 2030, with green production and lifestyles largely established and the carbon peaking target reached on schedule.
。多重因素叠加之下，国际能源市场的脆弱性进一步凸显。　　霍尔木兹海峡是全球能源运输链条上最受关注的枢纽。这条最窄处仅约33公里的水道，承担着全球约五分之一的原油和成品油运输，日均通行规模约2000万桶，同时承担着全球近20%的液化天然气贸易量。沙特、伊拉克、科威特、卡塔尔、阿联酋等海湾主要产油国的油气出口，绝大多数都须经由这一通道出海。今年早些时候，该海峡通航因地区军事冲突急剧萎缩，商业航船通行量一度暴跌超过七成，高峰期有150余艘油轮滞留波斯湾。截至8月初，海峡通行虽有限恢复，但整体规模仍明显低于战前水平，船东与保险机构对地区安全形势保持高度谨慎。通行节奏时断时续，使得危机造成的影响难以在短期内消除。　　霍尔木兹海峡尚未完全畅通，红海方向又添变数。曼德海峡连接红海与亚丁湾，与苏伊士运河共同构成地中海通往印度洋的关键航线，正常情况下全球约12%的海运石油经此通行。然而，也门胡塞武装在红海的袭扰持续不断，今年7月又宣布对沙特实施海上禁运，接连打击涉沙特油轮，导致曼德海峡通行量大幅下滑。霍尔木兹海峡通行受阻后，沙特依托横贯阿拉伯半岛的输油管道，将大量原油转运至红海沿岸的延布港出口，以绕开波斯湾。曼德海峡局势升级，直接让这条备用出口通道的安全性蒙上阴影。两大石油咽喉同时承压，中东能源出口的回旋空间被显著压缩。　　黑海及波罗的海方向的能源运输同样面临持续冲击。今年以来，乌克兰持续打击俄罗斯能源基础设施，黑海沿岸的新罗西斯克港、波罗的海沿岸的普里莫尔斯克港和乌斯季卢加港先后遭到无人机袭击。新罗西斯克港是里海管道联盟的海上终端，这条全长1500多公里的管道，承载着哈萨克斯坦近80%的石油出口。袭击不仅影响俄罗斯自身能源出口能力，还将风险传导至其他国家。受港口装油作业中断、储罐容量有限等因素影响，哈萨克斯坦原油日产量一度从约216万桶降至约100万桶。

B | 不仅如此，里海管道联盟股东包含多家西方能源企业，冲突的外溢效应已经触及多方利益边界。在高度全球化的能源网络中，局部冲突带来的影响早已突破地理界线。　　更令市场忧心的是，这些通道风险恰好发生在全球能源安全缓冲薄弱期。经过2022年俄乌冲突以来的多轮释放，经合组织国家战略石油储备已降至多年低位。

C | 美国战略石油储备已降至3亿桶以下，徘徊在20世纪80年代以来的最低水平。

D | 国际能源署报告显示，今年3月和4月，全球观察到的石油库存以每天约400万桶的速度减少，为该机构有记录以来的最快水平。6月全球石油库存虽出现4个月来首次环比增长，但增量几乎全部来自海上在途原油，陆上可用库存仍处于持续消耗状态。低库存背景下，任何一处供应端的边际扰动，都会被成倍放大为价格波动。　　本轮全球能源通道的集中承压，折射出全球能源治理体系面临的结构性挑战。一方面，能源运输对少数关键通道存在过度依赖问题。霍尔木兹海峡地处波斯湾唯一出海口，几乎没有可行的绕行路线。曼德海峡与苏伊士运河航线一旦中断，船舶绕行好望角将增加10多天的航程，运费相应大幅攀升。沙特、阿联酋等国建设的替代管道运力有限，远不足以替代海运。另一方面，军事技术扩散降低了航道封锁门槛。攻防成本不对等，让战略通道面临的安全威胁持续上升。此外，航行自由这一支撑全球贸易体系运转的基本准则，也在遭遇现实侵蚀。若部分地区出现的差异化通行安排形成惯例，将对全球航运秩序造成长远冲击。　　对于全球经济而言，能源运输动脉受阻的影响会沿着产业链层层传导。地缘冲击轮番刺激下，国际油价波动明显加剧，多家机构预警，极端情景下布伦特原油价格可能突破每桶120美元。油价上涨首先会推高化工、物流、农用燃料等上游成本，进而向消费品价格渗透，强化全球通胀黏性。

E | 国际货币基金组织测算显示，如果国际油价上涨10%并持续一年，将推动全球通胀水平上升40个基点，并使经济增长放缓0.1个至0.2个百分点。同时，航运市场也在发生深刻调整，油轮绕行推高运输成本，船东与货主被迫重新规划物流路径、增加安全库存，全球贸易体系的运行效率下降、成本上升，最终将转化为消费端的压力。　　这场持续发酵的通道危机，正在持续重塑全球能源格局的长期走向。一方面，全球能源贸易流向持续调整，中东供应受阻后美国原油出口规模增加，俄罗斯原油加速向东转移，好望角航线的运输占比显著上升；另一方面，各国对能源安全的认知持续深化，扩建战略石油储备、拓展进口来源，加速落地为实际行动。长期来看，可再生能源的发展有望从结构上降低能源对海运通道的依赖，从根本上改善能源安全格局。但能源转型是一个漫长过程，在可预见的未来，全球仍将高度依赖这些海上能源动脉的畅通。